First try to load Ubuntu Live

~:sudo -i
~#:fdisk -l
~#:mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/

[you will confront some errors, without any success]

Base on the partition type that you have had, run fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, fsck.ext4

~#:fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda1

To search for bad sectors on your hard disk, use this:

~#:fsck.ext4 -c /dev/sda1